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Gypsum Valuable Input for Agriculture

India ranks second on the basis of from sprinkler irrigation on unstable
population in the world. Agricultural soil. It can prevent crusting that result
land utilised by the burgeoning when acid soils are limed and the gypsum
population, the cultivable land resource is coapplied with the lime.
is shrinking day by day. To meet the Improves compacted soil: Gypsum can
food, fibre, fuel, fodder, and other break up compacted soil and decrease
needs of the growing population, the penetrometer resistance. Combination with
productivity of agricultural land has to organic amendments also helps, especially
be increased rationally. This requires in preventing return of the compaction.
the use of all resources judiciously. In The soils applied with gypsum have low
India, the mineral gypsum is mostly used bulk density.Makes slightly wet soils
in the manufacture of cement, fertiliser, easier to till: Soils that have been
plaster of Paris, ceramics and distemper. treated with gypsum have a wider range of
Smaller quantity is used as soil soil moisture levels where it is safe to
conditioner, for carving and statuary till without danger of compaction or
purposes. India has huge resources of deflocculation. Even a liberal
natural gypsum of the order of 1120 application of gypsum is a good procedure
million tonnes, of which recoverable for starting a piece of land into no-till
reserves are estimated at 237 million soil management or pasture. Gypsum also
tonnes. Over 95 per cent of the natural improves the ability of soil to drain and
gypsum come from Rajasthan.Gypsum is not become waterlogged due to a
chemically calcium sulfate dihydrate combination of high sodium, swelling
(CaSO4.2H2O). When dissolved in water, it clay, and excess water.Stops water runoff
yields calcium ions (Ca2+) and and erosion: Gypsum improves water
sulfate-sulfur ions (SO42-). Both of infiltration rates into soils and also
these ions are essential major nutrients the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
for growing plants. In addition to this, The use of gypsum can decrease wind and
calcium also plays a vital role in water erosion of soil.Improves swelling
establishing and maintaining good clays: Gypsum can decrease the swelling
chemical balance in soil, water and and cracking associated with high levels
plants. Gypsum is one of those rare of exchangeable sodium on the
materials that perform in all three montmorillonite-type clays. As sodium is
categories of soil treatment: an replaced by calcium on these clays, they
amendment, conditioner, and fertilizer. swell less and therefore do not easily
The usage of gypsum in agriculture can be clog the pore spaces through which air,
grouped into following heads:Reclaims water and roots move.Increases water
soil sodicity: The sodic soils have retention in soil: Gypsum when applied to
exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) more sodic soil reduced the levels of
than 15, it must be lowered for soil exchangeable sodium resulted in increase
improvement as well as better crop in water retention. The improved soil
growth. The calcium supplied by gypsum structure help in the more retention of
replaces the sodium held at the water.
clay-exchange sites. The replaced sodium Increases the stability of soil organic
can be leached from the soil as sodium matter: Gypsum is a source of calcium
sulfate to an appropriate sink.Decreases responsible for the binding of soil
the toxic effect of NaCl salinity: organic matter to clay and gives
Calcium from gypsum has a physiological stability to soil aggregates.Improves
role in inhibiting the uptake of sodium low-solute irrigation water: Gypsum is
by plants. Thus plant are mitigate the used to increase the solute concentration
sodium toxicity, which is more pronounced of low-solute water used for irrigation.
in the salt affected soils.Decreases pH Irrigation water from rivers that no
of sodic soils: The sodic soils are longer have sources of leachable salts
characterised by the high soil pH (>8.5). either penetrates poorly into soil or
Gypsum lowers the high pH of sodic soils causes soil particles to degrade which
or near sodic soils to 7.5 to 7.8. These results in low-water penetration. The
values are in the range of acceptability problem can be corrected with
for growth of most crop plants. Increased surface-applied gypsum or application to
calcium uptake by roots when gypsum is the irrigation water.Improves water-use
applied can decrease the pH of the efficiency: Gypsum application increases
rhizosphere.Creates favorable soil EC: water-use efficiency of crops. Improved
The more EC value of the soil is water infiltration rates, improved
undesired for the crop growth. The high hydraulic conductivity of soil, better
EC of soil are due to fertilizer water storage in the soil all lead to
application as well as by the weathering deeper rooting and better water-use
of soil minerals. Gypsum, being readily efficiency.Efficiently use low quality
soluble, results in proper buffered irrigation water: Use of reclaimed
solute concentration (EC) in soil to municipal wastewater is important for
maintain soil in a flocculated conservation of natural resources.
state.Makes excess Magnesium non-toxic: Reclaimed water can be satisfactorily
Calcium is essential to the biochemical used if amended with gypsum and
mechanisms by which most plants nutrients water-soluble polymers.Improves fruit
are absorbed by roots. Without adequate quality and prevents some plant diseases:
calcium, uptake mechanisms would fail. In The quality of fruit depends on the
soils having unfavorable calcium amount of calcium. Calcium is nearly
magnesium ratios, such as serpentine always only marginally sufficient and
soils, gypsum can create a more favorable often deficient in developing fruits.
ratio. Thus render Magnesium Calcium moves very slowly, if at all,
non-toxic.Decreases heavy-metal toxicity: from one plant part to another and fruits
Calcium plays a role of regulator for at the end of the transport system get
balance of micro-nutrients, such as iron, too little. Calcium must be constantly
zinc, manganese and copper, in plants. available to the roots. In very high pH
Calcium prevents excess uptake of many of soils, calcium is not available enough;
them; and once they are in the plant, therefore, gypsum helps. Gypsum is used
calcium keeps them from having adverse for peanuts, which develop below ground,
effects when their levels get high. to keep them disease free. Gypsum helps
Calcium in liberal quantities helps to prevent blossom-end rot of watermelon and
maintain a healthy balance of nutrients tomatoes and bitter pit in apples. Gypsum
and non-nutrients within plants. Gypsum is preferred over lime for potatoes grown
also removes excess of Boron from sodic in acid soils so that scab may be
soil. It also regulates non-essential controlled.Decreases loss of fertilizer
trace elements.Improves soil structure: nitrogen to the air: Calcium from gypsum
Gypsum provides calcium, which, can help decrease volatilization loss of
flocculate clays in acid and alkaline ammonium nitrogen from applications of
soil. A flocculated clays form friable ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium
soil with improved soil structure and sulfate, or any of the ammonium
tilth. It also allows for deeper, phosphates.Keeps clay off tuber and root
healthier root development and water crops: Gypsum can help keep clay
penetration.Prevents crusting of soil: particles from adhering to roots, bulbs
Gypsum application can decrease and and tubers of crops like potato, carrots,
prevent the crust formation on soil garlic and beets.
surfaces which result from rain drops or




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